Polyester Microfibers:- Dyeing and Wet Processing

Microfiber

A synthetic fiber that is extremely soft, lightweight, breathable, durable and ultrafine. In fact, microfibers are two times finer than silk and one hundred times finer than a human hair. Microfiber is currently manufactured from acrylic, nylon, polyester and rayon.Ultra-microfibers on the market are even finer – some having thickness of just 1/200th the thickness of human hair!

Microfibres refer to staple fibres, or individual filaments within yarns, which have fineness less than 1 decitex ( 1 grams per 10,000 meters) and For any fiber to be classified as microfibre yarn, the weight per 10,000 metres of yarn (dtex) is divided by the number of filaments (f), the result must be below 1.
All about microfibers

Microfibers: Functional Beauty

Properties of Polyester Microfibers

1. Lightweight and flexible
2. 
   
   Good stability and shape retention
3. 
   
   Anti-wrinkle property
4. 
   
   Have a wicking ability that permits perspiration
5. 
   
   Comfortable to wear as they are more spongy
6. 
   
   Doesn't water stain - superior water repellency is available
7. 
   
   Woven or knitted into a very high quality fabric construction
8. 
   
   Formerly commenced as a polyester microfiber, today you can find nylon, rayon and acrylic microfibers too.
9. 
   
   Strong and durable, water repellent and wind resistant -so tightly woven, that the fabric can't be penetrated by wind, rain or cold
10. 
    
    Lightweight, resilient or resist wrinkling, have a comfortable array, preserve shape and resist pilling
11. 
    
    The positively charged microfibers draw dust; the tiny fibers are capable to enter the microscopic surface voids most materials
12. 
    
    Washable, dries quickly and also washable in at the water temperatures up to 200 degrees and their characteristics will remain intact.
13. 
    
    Electrostatic effect - Hair, lint and other dust particles are attracted and grabbed by the microfibers without lifting dust.
14. 
    
    The density of the material allowable it to grip six to eight times its weight in water hence high absorbing power capacity
15. 
    
    The attraction capability of the microfibers is so sound, even absorbs bacteria and germs - hence can be use as germ or bacteria free purpose
16. 
    
    The fabric consists of millions of small tiny conduits that carry oil and grease too.
17. 
    
    Benefits of microfibers
18. 
    
    Comfortable - very soft, texture like silk, lightweight
19. 
    
    Due to its fineness and superior fiber surface area making deep, rich and bright colors achievable
20. 
    
    Less "sweaty" in warm weather than usual synthetics
21. 
    
    Quickly cleanable - clean just with water
22. 
    
    Highly intense and shrink-resistant
23. 
    
    Presents insulation and breathability
24. 
    
    Change without help - to establish lovely drape
25. 
    
    Very fine - finer than the most precise silk
26. 
    
    More reusable for cleaning alternative - compared to other mops more efficient and long life

Dyeing of polyester Microfibers
Due to their fineness, the total surface area of microfibre yarn or fabric is far greater than ordinary fibres. Threfore

1.Due to its special structure ,micro fibers has much larger quantity of size ,oil agents and wax on warp yarns.

2.Since microfibres have very small interstitces, with consequent difficulties of size accessibility and duffusibility, desizing becomes quite difficult and costly.

3.Microfibres have greater absorption area resulting in a dyeing rate four times higher than that of normal, which can cause unlevelness in dyeing.

4.They also require more dyestuff than standard fibres to obtain the same depth of shade.
5.Larger external surface means an increase in number of threads exposed to light which, on destruction of dye, is expressed as lower light fastness rating.
6. Wash fastness and color fastness to rubbing is also poor.
7.Staple microfibres offer difficulty in carding.

The problems in wet processing of microfibers can be overcome by

1.Better knowledge about the size applied and optimum parameters during desizing operation.

To achieve satisfactory dyeing effects ,desizing and refining process must be done before dyeing and after desizing and refining , there should be no impurities left such as electrolyte, antistatic finishing agent , spin finishes and blot.

2.Pre-setting

Suitable pre setting conditions ( time ,temperature and tension) helps not only in stable dimensional stability ,softness but also better dyeing results.

3.Alkali weight reduction

Alkali weight reduction s to treat the fabric with concentrated alkali at high temperature.fber molecule hydrolyse under this condition and lose some weight with change in properties, thus space occurs between crossing points and rubbing resistance relative to slippage among yarns becomes small.Alkali weight reduction makes fabric soft, liveliness, limber and improved absorption.

2.Careful selection of the dyes.

Proper dye selection which are
1.Compatible
2.Having same exhaustion rates
3.Having high wash fastness properties.
4.Good migration and levelling properties
 eliminates problems regarding build-up and fastness properties.
Disperse dyes for polyester microfibers

3.Optimizing the dyebath conditions and dyeing cycle.


Optimised dyeing cycles can be worked out by controlling the temperature to account for the high rate of dyeing and to eliminate the risk of uneven dyeing.Chemicals and dyes to be added at, at least 10-20 deg.C lower temperature than normal polyester fiber dyeing. The additions of dyes must be progressive or devided at least into 4 parts. The heating rate must be slow from 40 deg C to 100 deg C. 10-20 min more holding time required at 130 deg C as compared to normal PES.


4.Proper selection of  Dyeing machinery.

The dyeing machine must have the required automation to fufil the requirements of microfiber dyeing such as microprocessor controlled dosing , proper and accurate heating rate control etc.


5.Proper selection of dyebath additives
such as
Levelling agents :- A strong levelling agent which shall start working at lower temperatures.
Dispersing agents :- Higher quantities of dispersing agents are needed because amount of dyes required are more to produce the desired depth.
Chelating agents:-
Anticreasing agents,Dyebath softners/Lubricants :- Because microfiber textiles are prone to creasing , therefore use off dyebath lubricants is must.

6.Proper aftertreatment of dyed goods.
Soaping :- In order to obtain satisfactory color effect , fabric should be soaped after dyeing .Soaping is the key process to achieve satisfactory dyeing results on polyester especially polyester / nylon microdenier fabric.


Reduction clear :-Good reduction clear process is needed to achieve satisfactory washing , rubbing and light fastness properties.
Washing :-Is required for neutralising and removing alkali after reduction clear treatment.
Softening, anti soil and antistatic treatment :-Because microdenier fiber easily stains and produces static charges, a hydrophilic ,antistatic and antisoil treatment besides softening is highly recommended to ensure fabric softness and comfortability.

Recommended Dyeing Cycle for polyester Microfibers

Dianix PLUS( Dystar) or Longsheng  is a new range of five compatible, level-dyeing dyes for reliable dyeing of medium and heavy shades, especially on microfiber and weight-reduced polyester, whether applied under mild alkaline conditions to control trimer, or under conventional acid conditions.
Dianix E-PLUS" for Pale Shades on Polyester Fabrics
Fashion application of polyester

Application of polyester Microfibres

Microfibers are most commonly found in polyester and nylon. Some rayon and acrylic micros are in production and available to consumers. Micros can be used alone or blended with conventional denier man-made fibers as well as with natural fibers such as cotton, wool, and silk.

In textiles

Microfibers are used in a variety of fabrics, but most commonly in dress and blouse weight garments. Suit jackets and bottom weights are becoming available. Look for micros in lingerie, rainwear, outdoor fleece and wind-resistant sportswear, as well as tents, sleeping bags, track and jogging suits. The strength of microfibers make them particularly adaptable to sueded or sandwashed finishes because of their extensive fiber surface area and the use of strong fibers like polyester and nylon. As a result, many microfibers simulate the appearance of sandwashed silk.

Other Main products for which microfiber are ideally suited:

• Microfiber Glass Cloth

• Duster/Multi-purpose Microfiber Cleaning Cloth

• Microfiber Scrubber

• Microfiber Kitchen Cloth

• Microfiber Optical & CD Cloth

• Microfiber Mops

• Microfiber Cleaning Sponge

• Microfiber Cleaning Cloths – Terry Cloths, Suede Cloths, Waffle-Weave Cloths

Microfiber Makes the Grade
http://www.tex.in/education/nextiles/fib/mic/mic.html
http://ygmfranchise.blogspot.com/2007/07/cleaning-tips-microfiber.html
http://www.microfibergreen.com/is-microfiber-green-product.html
http://www.norwexnow.com/microfiber%20science.html

 

Mercerizing Of Knit fabrics

Tubular Knit Fabric Mercerising

The available mercerising machines are not suitable for knit fabrics due to following reasons,

• 
  
  Difference in constructional features of the fabrc.
• 
  
  Sensitivity towards the tension and stretch applications.
• 
  
  The unsuitability of usual woven cloth expanders for knitted fabrics.

Main sections of a Tubular Knit Merceriser are

• 
  
  Special entrance scaffolding suitable for knit fabrics with guide rollers
• 
  
  Impregnation compartment
• 
  
  Ring Expanders
• 
  
  Dimensional stability section
• 
  
  Fabric Straightening Section
• 
  
  Washing Section

Swastik Merceriser for Tubular Knit Fabrics For details click Here

Patchy dyeing in Mercerised Knit Fabrics :-Analysis and Corrective action

Open Width mercerizing of Knitwear :- A Study

Knitwear open concepts Knitline
Singeing Machine for Knits EcoSinge®
Machine for Knit Mercerising EcoMerc® and EcoCombine®    EcoMerce
Finishing of woven and knitted fabrics with elastane fibers Read Here
Menzel continuous merceriser
Mercerising system is to small and medium production volumes Menzel Minimerce

Fabric Mercerising Process

Mercerization, the treatment of cotton with a strong caustic alkaline solution in order to improve the luster, hand and other properties,was names after its discoverer, John Mercer.

Mercerization leads to a number of changes in fibre and fabric properties:

• a more circular fibre cross-section
• increased lustre
• increased tensile strength, a major factor for technical textile fabrics
• increased apparent colour depth after dyeing
• improved dyeability of immature cotton (greater uniformity of appearance)
• increase in fibre moisture regain
• increase in water sorption
• improved dimensional stability.

Types of mercerization

Mercerization is widely used, and in the mercerization of different kinds of cellulose products, including blended products, the machine used and the treatment conditions must be selected in accordance with the type of fiber, the form that it is in and its properties, and also in accordance with the aims and the timing of the mercerization.

The wide range of treatment methods can approximately be broken down into the following divisions. Parentheses denote established terminology.

1. Classification according to the form of the product

a) Yarn mercerization

• Batch : Hank mercerization
• Cheese mercerization
• Continuous : Single end mercerization
• Tow mercerization
• Warp mercerization

b) Knit Mercerization

• Open mercerization
• Closed mercerization (Round mercerization, tubular knit mercerization)

c) Cloth mercerization

• Chainless mercerization (Roller mercerization)
• Chain mercerization (Stenter mercerization)
• Batch-up mercerization

2. Classification according to the marcerizing conditions

a) Water content

• Dry mercerization
• Wet mercerization

b) Tension

• Fixed-length mercerization
• Tension mercerization
• Tensionless mercerization

c) Alkaline concentration

• Low-concentration alkaline mercerization
• High-concentration alkaline mercerization
• Two-step mercerization

d) Temperature

• Ambient-temperature mercerization
• High-temperature mercerization
• Low-temperature mercerization

3. Classification according to timing

• Gray mercerization
• Pre-dyeing mercerization
• Post-dyeing mercerization

4. Classification according to the number of treatments

• Single mercerization
• Double mercerization

5. Classification according to the type of alkali used

a. Caustic soda mercerization

b. Ammonia mercerization

Liquid ammonia treatment is a highly effective and well-controlled alternative to caustic soda mercerisation, but the high capital cost of the necessary equipment for recovery and reuse of the ammonia as well as the application step limits the adoption of this sophisticated approach more widely. The effect of liquid ammonia treatment on the dyeing of cotton depends on the way that the ammonia is removed. Aqueous washing gives a product almost as dyeable as mercerised cotton. As with mercerising, treated yarns and fabrics appear more deeply dyed than untreated material having the same amount of dye present

6. Other

a. Alkali pad-dry method
b. Alkali pad-steam method

While other variations are also used, mercerization in industry is generally implemented according to a combination of the basic factors as listed above.

Fabric Mercerising Machine
Chain Mercerizing Machines

In order to make up for the shortcomings of the roller mercerizing machine, a clip stenter is used for post-mercerization treatment, in which a widthwise tension is applied then most alkali is showered off the fabric kept on the stenter, followed by thorough alkali removal and neutralization using an open-width washing machine.

Chainless Mercerising Process

This method of mercerization running fabric through a number of rollers without the use of a clip stenter is also called roller mercerization. The machine used has a number of stainless rollers, or stainless and rubber rollers, of a relatively-large diameter tiered zigzag in close contact to each other inside a long trough, with the lower tier designed to submerge in alkaline solution for mercerization.

Cotton Fabric and Yarn mercerising process
What is mercerized cotton?
Mercerization Process Produces Quality Fabrics

Hot Mercerization
Main steps in hot mercerising process are
1. Saturation with mercerising-strength caustic soda solution at a temperature close to its boiling point
2. Controlled hot stretching for a brief dwell period
3. Controlled cooling and dilution of the caustic liquor
4. Traditional tension-controlled washing and final rinsing.
Advantages of Hot Mercerising
The main chemical and physical changes to achieve the desired improvement in fabric properties do not take place at the high temperature of the saturator but when the cooling fabric passes through the traditional caustic dilution and washing-off stages.
1. Shortening of the process sequence to provide cost savings

2. Increased efficiency and reproducibility
3. Use of chain or chainless mercerisers with fewer problems related to fabric width control
4. Improved lustre, tensile strength and dimensional stability because greater stretching of the fabric is practicable
5. Increased dye uptake at moderate tension, but excessive stretching can result in lower dyeability
6. Improved results from fabric qualities containing lower-grade cotton
7. Flash scouring effect obtained
8. Good desizing action
9. Enhanced penetration of the fibre by the hot caustic liquor.

Study of some important parameters of greig cotton after Hot mercerization
Effect of heat on mercerization
An Investigation on the Effect of Hot Mercerization on Cotton Fabrics Made up of Open-End Yarns
Effect of mercerization treatment on dimensional stability of weft knitted fabrics

Foam Mercerizing

Mercerizing strength sodium hydroxide may be foamed and this foam applied to cotton by conventional methods. Application of foamed sodium hydroxide offers the possible advantages of savings in sodium hydroxide and dyes as well as ability to treat selectively given areas of the fabric. This technology may be useful in areas other than mercerization.

The following advantages has been claimed by the experts in this area are,

1.No specialized machinery is required.

2.Less consumtion of alkali.

3.Better control of fabric dimensions

4.Preferential treatment of one face of fabric when needed.

5.Penetration of lye in pile fabrics with less lye.

6.Possibility of printing with sodium hydroxde.
7.Possibility of better coverage of dead cotton and resulting into uniform dyeing.

Slack Mercerizing :-Loose mercerizing or mercerizing without tension
Slack mercerizing is done by exhaust. The fabric is slacked and treated with NaOH solution by this process of mercerizing no  luster is obtained but absorption is increased.
Slack mercerization is different than normal mercerizimg  that it must be planned in advance and will result into a stretch fabric. Fabric to be slack mercerized  is woven with enough space left between the yarns to crimp up knowing it will be slack mercerized. Once the fabric is slack mercerized it will become tighter and narrower while at the same time giving  a permanently crimp that makes for 100% stretch cotton. It’s like giving hair a perm. It is possible to get up to 15% comfort stretch and in a twill utility stretch.

Technology highlights of Goller Mercerizing Machine

 Watch video of knit mercerizing here

 

Yarn Mercerizing

Yarn mercerizing

            What is mercerizing

Mercerizing is the process of treatment of cellulosic material with cold or hot caustic conditions under specific conditions to improve its appearance and physical as well as chemical properties.

Purpose of mercerizing

          1.To improve the lusture

          2.To improve the strength

3. To improve the dye uptake and moisture regain.

           What is the mercerizing process

The mercerizing involves these three subsequent steps,

a. Impregnation of the material in in relaxed state,cold caustic solution of required strength and wettability..

b. Stretching while the material is still impregnated in the caustic solution.

c. Washing off the caustic soda from the material while keeping the material still in the stretch state.

Fig.The material flow chart in yarn mercerizing

            

Theory of mercerizing 

           Neales theory in Broad

The hydroxyl groups on long cellulose chains attract the water molecules when cellulose takes up water, the structure expands transversily as some of the mutual secondary valency linkages are replaced by water hydroxyl linkages.Now in alkali solution ,some of the hydroxyl hydrogen atoms are replaced by sodium atoms and a system of high ionic concentration is established.Owing to osmosis ,water tends to enter this system and more secondary linkages are broken and are replaced by linkages with alkali in water.When the alkali cellulaose is washed the sodium ions and the hydroxyl ions are diffused away, and the osmotic pressure falls, the cellulose gel contracts by virtue of its elasticity.

During this contraction , hydroxyl –hydroxyl linkages are reform but not in such a great number as before and the orientation of the micells is more random.The greater proportions of free hydroxyl groups accounts for the increase in the reactivity and absorptive capacity.The decrease in this high absorptive capacity on drying,particularly at high temperature ,is due to the formation of new secondary linkages on account of greater amplitude of thermal vibrations of hydroxyl groups as suggested by Urqhart.

Changes during mercerizing process

1.      Fiber level

     1.Swelling

2.Cross sectional morphology changes from beam shape to round shape.

3.Shrinkage along with longitudinal direction.

     B. Molecular level

    1.Hydrogen bond readjustment

2.Orientation (parallelization) of molecular chains in amorphous region along the direction of fiber length.

3.Orientation of the crystallinity in the direction of the fiber length.

     4.Increased crystallinity

          C.Chemical Changes

1.Increased rate of reaction on hydrolysis and oxidation

2.Liberation of heat during the caustic treatment.(heat of sorption and heat of        reaction)

        3.Increase in the alkali absorption.

        4.Increase in the absorption of iodine.

       Why there is a swelling in cellulose

1.Swelling is due to molecular attraction with associated hydration in this instance.

Since the alkali cellulose is more hydrated than native cellulose ,maximum swelling concentration is result of attraction of alkali cellulose in solution on one hand and free alkali on the other. Hydration of the cellulose increases with increased fixation of alkali in solution of rinsing concentration upto a certain limit, after which the free alkali exerts a dehydrating effect on alkali cellulose to a greater extent.

Dissociation of alkali ions from the alkali cellulose compound corresponds to an absorption of OH^- ions ,and in this manner a negative charge results.The cellulose molecules repel each other and absorb water ,this absorption being greater, the greater is the charge. If however the dissociation of alkali cellulose salt is forced back ,then there is reduction in the charge. Further if the concentration of the electrolyte is high in swelling liquor ,then charge of cellulose particles is shielded by free ions and force of repulsion is diminished.

          2.Due to osmotic phenomenon.

The fiber is surrounded by a hardened euticle which acts as a dialyzing membrane to induce osmotic action ,which is better explained with the help of Neales theory.

Q.Why there is a rise in temperature of caustic solution during mercerization?

Ans ;-Because when cellulose is treated with a moderately concentrated caustic solution ,the heat is evolved due to heat of sorption and heat of reaction.

Q.Why there is increase in luster of yarn after mercerization?

Ans:-The cotton hair swells in strong caustic soda solution ,which change its cross section from squashed circular pipe shape to an oval shaped . if the fibers are placed under a tension or stretched position in the swollen state and then washed to reduce the caustic concentration below a particular limit, then there is an increase in the luster of the fiber.

Q.What should be  caustic concentration for yarn mercerization?

Although mercerization can be done with the caustic concentration ranging between 15⁰Be to 38⁰Be, As for as the economy of the process and optimum mercerizing effect in yarn , the concentration of the caustic used is  25⁰Be(225 gpl) to 32 ⁰Be(325 gpl) at room temperature.

Q. What shall be the ideal temperature for mercerization?

Ans:- The relation between the shrinkage of cotton fiber, the concentration of alkali and the processing temperature was studied by H. Flecken, and the result is shown in this Figure.

He treated cotton yarn at 0°C to 40°C, using 30°/38° Bé caustic soda and measured the shrinkage by mercerization, and found that the least shrinkage variation is obtained at 10°C and 30° Bé. Therefore, robust conditions insensitive to the concentration of alkali and temperature must be selected for stable mercerization.

Q.Whether the recovered caustic from mercerizing process is reusable?

Ans:-The caustic soda from the washing process is recoverable and can be reusable ,but it has to be free from the contaminants and must be purified to remove the undesirable impurities.

Q.What is the mercerizing cycle for yarn mercerizing?

Watch video 

A typical mercerizing cycle in yarn mercerizing is having following steps,

1.Loading of material on the rollers in rest position.

 2. Lowering of rollers

3.      Caustic tray movement

4.      Pre tensioning

5.      Free shrinkage

6.      Lye tensioning

7.      Squeezing

8.      Washing tray movement

9.      First wash and tensioning

10.  Second wash

11.  Third wash

12.  Final wash

13.  Squeezing

14.  Lifting Of Rollers

15.  Unloading the hanks.

What is the significance of different steps in mercerizing cycle?

1.Pre tensioning

This is the first step in yarn mercerizing cycle ,which runs to uniformly distribute the greig yarn hanks on the rollers in combination with reversal of direction of motion of rollers, without any entanglement.  The material should become completely wet in this step.

      2.Shrinking

This is the actual caustic treatment step or the mercerizing step in which the yarn is allowed to shrink freely , the yarn runs for sufficient time in relaxed state to react completely with the caustic ,  higher the shrinkage achieved better will be the mercerizing.

      3. Lye tensioning

The lye tensioning is done to stretch the yarn back to original length.

       4.Squeezing

To remove the unbound caustic solution from the material, so that the material can be washed effectively, and quickly to reduce the caustic content . This step also ensure the to minimize the wastage of excess caustic liquor during washing.

     5. Washing and tensioning

The stretch applied to get the maximum luster , material is washed along with stretching beyond its original length produce better luster. The amount of stretch applied depends upon the luster required and quality of yarn. The washing temperature is kept near boil to make washing efficient and short. Time or sequence of washing is so adjusted to reach a residual caustic content below 10% within a shortest possible time.

      6.Final caustic content

The final caustic content should be below 10% ,because if  it is more it will be sufficient to carry out  further mercerizing effect and the material will shrink back. During the storage of mercerized material , the water from the exposed areas will evaporate and got concentrated locally  causing mercerizing effect ,which is called local mercerizing and  will lead to patchy  dyeing.

The level of residual caustic in the yarn is achieved  less than 3% , if it is on the higher side ,then the washing is not effective.

Q.What are tests to be carried out during mercerization?

In general following process control tests are carried out in yarn mercerizing ,

           1.The circumference of the hank

2.The machines settings for shrinkage and stretching and actually achieved values

3.Concentration of the lye and level of contaminants such as carbonate content, bicarbonate content etc.

            4.Temperature of caustic

          5.Timings of different steps

          6.Washing sequence, timings and temperature,

7.Shrinkage % or wetting power of caustic

8.Residual caustic content of the mercerized material.

          The wetting agents in mercerizing

Wet ability or wetting power of the mercerizing liquor  is measured by shrinkage test. This test reflects how fast and easily the lye will penetrate the cellulose material. The wet ability of lye can be improved by adding wetting agents. The wetting agents are specially formulated for  concentrated alkaline solution of mercerizing liquor. The quantity of the mercerizing liquor is optimized by the shrinkage test to get the maximum possible shrinkage at a given temperature and concentration. Lower additions of wetting agents will  result into less  shrinkage or wetting and will lead to poor mercerizing and higher doses of the wetting agents will affect the economy of the process.

Properties of wetting agents in mercerizing

Generally  non crysilic type of wetting agents are used in mercerizing,

which Gives uniform wetting and better penetration of caustic liquor of mercerizing and causticising strength. ,

Improves luster and strength of mercerized cotton.

Does not interfere during caustic recovery.

Effective over a wide range of temperature.

          Non-foaming.

          And odor free

           Shrinkage test

The above shown instrument is used for the test of shrinkage % of mercerizing liquor as well as to test the mercerizing wetting agents.

There is a vertical tube in which the caustic lye is filled , a 12 folded 20s carded yarn is attached to a 10 gm  load and hanged as shown in the figure. The shrinkage after different time intervals is recorded and plotted against time in seconds.

Shrinkage % is calculated with following formula

                                              L₀-L

          Shrinkage % =        --------- x 100

                                                 L₀

Where L₀ is original length of the yarn

L is the length of yarn after a particular time of wetting.

The test is carried out at different caustic concentrations ,temperatures by varying the GPL of wetting agents.

How can we quantify the mercerizing effect?

There are several tests which are done to quantify the mercerizing effect,

1.      X ray analysis showing changes in the fine structure

2.      Increased reactivity

(a)    Reactivity ratio

(b)   Hydrolysis number

3.      Absorption Methods

(a)    Moisture absorption or regain

(b)   Dyestuff absorption

©Absorption from alkaline solutions

(i)Sodium hydroxide absorption

(ii) Barium Hydroxide absorption or Barium Number

(iii) Cuprammonium hydrate

              4.Counting methods

(a)    deconvolution caount

(b) Cross section count

             5.Lusture

            6.Shrinkage or Swelling

      7.Mechanical properties

(a)    Breaking load

(b)   Extension or elongation at break

(c)    Dimensional stability of yarn

Yarn Mercerizing
Yarn Mercerizing machine
 Mercerizing and Causticizing of cotton knits
Open-width mercerizing of knitwear (pdf download)
Mercerizing
Mercerization theory and practice, pollution, chain and chainless mercerizing ,flow diagrams
Mercerizing process control and parameters
Caustic Recovery Plant
Procedure for mercerizing the cotton Yarn
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Textile Testings:-Color Fastness to Mercerizing

A test method for determining the resistance of the colour of textiles to the action of concentrated solutions of sodium hydroxide used in mercerizing. The method is mainly applicable to cotton and to mixtures containing cotton.
Click Here for detail :http://www.4shared.com/document/Qvy7XaSh/BS_EN_ISO_105-X04_1997__Textil.html