Sublimation Fastness Of Disperse Dyes

Sublimation is the process of phase change from solid to gas , without going into liquid phase.

Fastness to sublimation is probably the most important requirement of dyed polyester, apart from fastness to light. The migration behavior and wet fastness of disperse dyes on polyester are closely involved with their response to heat treatments.

Adequate fastness to heat is essential so that the dyed material will withstand the conditions encountered in

1. Heat setting,
2. Durable pleating
3. Ironing or pressing of the goods during the making-up of garments.
4. Finishing processes where high temperature is involved.
5. Thermal fixation of prints.

The poor sublimation fastness results into following problems

1.Change in original shade
2.Staining on adjacent fibers in contrast dyed fabrics.
3.Poor color yield and fixation rate in thermal fixation of prints.
4.Staining of dyed polyester sewing threads after stitching and embroidery in contrast stitched and embroidered articles.
5.Cross staining during storage.

How to avoid the problem due to poor sublimation fastness

Since the problem of poor sublimation is concerned to polarity of substation groups in dye molecule , therefore following steps are suggested to avoid the problem,

1.Pre heat setting most of the fabrics before dyeing.
2.Carefully selecting the dyes so that all component yarns have satisfactory fastness in multicolored/contrast color designs ,where fabric is post heat set.
3.Selecting high sublimation dyes for dark shades , and medium /low sublimation dyes for pale shades.
4.The sublimation fastness influenced by the dyeing conditions and dyeing cycle followed, therefore the dyeing cycles must be optimized for best sublimation fastness.

How to test the sublimation fastness of disperse dyes

The sublimation fastness of disperse dyes is usually tested for staining and shade change , tested at 180 oC /210 oC for 30 seconds and rating is done on 1-5 grey scales.

Standard Test Method for Sublimation fastness testing.
AATCC Test Method 117-2004
ISO 105-P01.

Color Fastness to Light ( Tests ISO-B01 - B08)

The purpose of this test is to determine how much the color will fade when exposed to a known light source. The proper test method is AATCC Test Method 16. Option A uses a Carbon Arc light source while Option E uses the more popular Xenon light source. The option used will depend on the equipment available. The test duration will be 10 AATCC fade units minimum for both colors and whites unless otherwise specified. Ten AATCC fade units are the equivalent to 2.5 to 3 continuous twenty four hour days of direct sunlight while 20 AATCC fade units are equivalent to 5-6 days of direct sunlight.

The evaluation will be done as described in the test method with the exception of whites. Whites will be evaluated with the AATCC Gray Scale for Staining because the issue is more often yellowing of the white color.

ISO 105-B01-1999 Textiles - Tests for colour fastness - Part B01: Colour fastness to light: Daylight ISO105-B01 ISO105-B01 ISO105-B01 Read in detail

ISO 105-B02-1999 Textiles - Tests for colour fastness - Part B02: Colour fastness to artificial light: Xenon arc fading lamp test  .
for details click here

ISO 105-B03 -1997Textiles; tests for colour fastness; part B03: colour fastness to weathering: outdoor exposure.
for detail click here

ISO 105-B04-1997 Textiles - Tests for colour fastness - Part B04: Colour fastness to artificial weathering.Xenon arc fading lamp test.
For Details Click here

ISO 105-B05-1996 Textiles - Tests for colour fastness - Part B05: Detection and assesment of photochromism .
For details click here

ISO 105-B06-1999 Textiles - Tests for colour fastness - Part B06: Colour fastness and ageing to artificial light at high temperature.
For details click here

ISO 105-B07:2009 specifies a method for determining the resistance of the colour of textiles, of all kinds and in all forms, to the combined effect of wetting with acid or alkaline artificial perspiration solutions and an artificial light source representing natural daylight (D65).

ISO 105-B08:1999 Textiles -- Tests for colour fastness -- Part B08: Quality control of blue wool reference materials 1 to 7 .
For detail click here

A small instrument for testing color fastness
Weather O meter
Definition: The apparatus in which specimen materials can be subjected to artificial and accelerated weathering tests which simulate natural weathering. Controlled cycles of ultraviolet radiation, light, salt, electric arcs, water spray, and heating elements are used to simulate the natural conditions of sun, rain and temperature changes.

Color Fastness To Vuclanizing and phenolic Yellowing

Click The links below for Details
Color Fastness To Vuclanizing  Hot Air 
Color Fastness To Vuclanizing :-Sulphur Monochloride
Color Fastness to Vulcanizing ;- Open Steam
Phenolic Yellowing ,
New Testing Standard :-
ISO 105-X18:2007 specifies a method intended for assessment of the potential to phenolic yellowing of textile materials.
The method is specific to phenolic yellowing and does not cover the many other possible causes of yellow discolouration found on textile materials.



Textile Testing and Analysis
Issues In The Analysis And Testing Of Textile Composites With Large Representative Volume Elements
Applied basic textiles;: Raw material, construction, color, and finish, fabric analysis, chemical and physical testing of textiles, spot and stain removal, and care of clothing,

Colour fastness to acid-felting: Severe

This part of ISO 105 specifies a method for determining the resistance of the colour of textiles in all forms to the action of acids, as used under severe conditions in the acid-felting process.
A specimen of the textile (textiles in all kinds and in all forms) in contact with adjacent fabrics is milled in solutions of acetic and/or sulfuric acid, rinsed and dried. The change in colour of the specimen and the staining of the adjacent fabrics are assessed with the grey scales.
For more details click here:- Colorfastness to Acid felting

Colorfastnes to Milling:Alkaline Milling

This part of ISO 105 specifies a method for determining the resistance of the colour of wool and part-wool textiles to the action or soap and sodium carbonate solutions used in alkaline milling.
A specimen of the textile in contact with one or two specified adjacent fabrics is milled in a jar containing steel balls and a solution of soap and sodium carbonate. The severity of the action is controlled by means of a dyed test-control piece milled separately in the same way. After rinsing and drying, the change in colour of the specimen and the staining of the adjacent fabrics are assessed with the grey scales.
For more details click here:http://www.dfmg.com.tw/member/standard/bs/BS-E12.HTM

Colorfastness to Steaming

This part of ISO 105 specifies a method for determining the resistance of the colour of textiles of all kinds and in all forms to the action of steam under atmospheric pressure.
A specimen of the textile (textiles of all kinds and in all forms) in contact with specified adjacent fabrics is rolled into a cylinder and placed in the neck of a flask containing boiling water. The staining of the adjacent fabrics is assessed with the grey scale.
For more detail click here:http://www.dfmg.com.tw/member/standard/bs/BS-E11.HTM

Colorfastness to Decatizing

This part of IS0 105 specifies a method for determining the resistance of the colour of textiles to the action of steam, as employed in the decatizing of wool fabrics. Two tests, mild and severe, are given.
A specimen of the textile is wrapped around a perforated cylinder, and steam passed through it for 15 min. The change in colour of the dried specimen is assessed with the grey scale. Correct handling of the method is controlled by use of a test-control specimen tested under identical conditions. .
For more detail please click here:-http://www.dfmg.com.tw/member/standard/bs/BS-E10.HTM

Colorfastness to Potting

This part of ISO 105 specifies a method for deter the resistance Or the colour of textiles of all kinds and in all forms to the action of boiling water.It is mainly applicable to wool and textiles containing wool.
A specimen of the textile (textiles of all kinds and in all forms) between adjacent fabrics is rolled around a glass rod and treated with boiling water. The specimen and the adjacent fabrics are dried separately. The change in colour of the specimen and the staining of the adjacent fabrics are assessed with the grey scales.
For more detail click here:-http://www.dfmg.com.tw/member/standard/bs/BS-E09.HTM

Colorfastness to spotting :acid

This part of ISO 105 specifies a method for determining the resistance of the colour of textiles of all kinds and in all forms to the action of dilute solutions of organic and mineral acids.
Three tests differing in severity are provided Any or all may be used, depending upon the nature of the fibre.

Drops of a solution of acid are placed on the specimen, the surface of which is rubbed gently with a glass rod to ensure penetration. The changes in colour of the textile, while it is still wet and after drying, are assessed with the grey scale. Three tests differing in severity are provided.
click here for more detail:-http://www.dfmg.com.tw/member/standard/bs/BS-E05.HTM

Colorfastness to Rubbing ;Organic solvents

This part of ISO 105 specifies a method for determining the resistance of the colour of textiles of all kinds and in all forms, except loose fibre, to the combined action of rubbing and of organic solvents used in spot-cleaning, i.e. localized "spotting" carried out by hand.
A specimen of the textile is rubbed with rubbing cotton cloth impregnated with solvent. The change in colour of the specimen and the staining of the rubbing cotton cloth are assessed with the grey scales.




for more details click here:http://www.dfmg.com.tw/member/standard/bs/BS-D02.HTM

Colour fastness to acid chlorination of wool: Sodium dichloroisocyanurate

This part of ISO 105 specifies a method for determining the resistance of the colour of wool in all forms to acid chlorination using sodium dichloroisocyanurate 1). This simulates the manufacturing operation in which a liquid containing or liberating active chlorine under mildly acid conditions is used for imparting shrink resistant properties to wool in textiles.
A specimen of the textile (wool textiles in all forms) is treated in a formic acid buffer solution to which solutions of sodium dichloroisocyanurate and sodium hydrogen sulfite are added succesively, and is then rinsed and dried. The change in colour of the specimen is assessed with the grey scale. This treatment simulates the manufacturing operation in which a liquid containing or liberating active chlorine under mildly acid conditions is used for imparting shrink-resistant properties to wool in textiles.
For more details click here:-http://www.dfmg.com.tw/member/standard/bs/BS-X14.HTM

Colorfastness to Hot Pressing

This part of ISO 105 specifies a method for determining the resistance of the colour of textiles of all kinds and in all forms to ironing and to processing on hot cylinders.
Tests are given for hot pressing when the textile is dry, when it is wet and when it is damp. The end-use of the textile usually determines which test should be made.
A dry specimen (dry pressing) or a dry specimen covered with a wet cotton adjacent fabric (damp pressing) or a wet specimen covered with a wet cotton adjacent fabric (wet pressing) are pressed with a heating device at a specified temperature and pressure for a specified time.
for more details click here:-http://www.dfmg.com.tw/member/standard/bs/BS-X11.HTM

Colorfastness to Formaldehyde

This part of ISO 105 specifies a method for determining the resistance of the colour of textiles of all kinds and in all forms to the action of formaldehyde vapour, as may be encountered in storehouses where fabrics are stored with materials which have undergone a crease-resistant treatment.
A specimen of the textile (textiles of all kinds and in all forms) is exposed to the action of gaseous formaldehyde in a closed container. The change in colour of the specimen is assessed with the grey scale. This method is not suitable for assessing changes in colour which may occur during crease-resist finishing with urea-formaldehyde products, or in subsequent treatment of the dyeing with solutions of formaldehyde.
Click here for more detail:http://www.dfmg.com.tw/member/standard/bs/BS-X09.HTM

Colorfastness to Degumming

This part of ISO 105 specifies a method for determining the resistance of the colour of textiles of all kinds, except loose fibre, to the action of soap solutions such as those used in degumming raw silk. A specimen of the textile in contact with adjacent fabrics is treated with a soap solution, then rinsed and dried. The change in colour of the specimen and the staining of the adjacent fabrics are assessed with the grey scales.
For more Details :-http://www.dfmg.com.tw/member/standard/bs/BS-X08.HTM

Colorfatstness to Cross Dyeing Wool

specifies resistance of the colour of textiles to the action of processes used for dyeing wool.
Click here for more detail:-http://www.dfmg.com.tw/member/standard/bs/BS-X07.HTM

Colorfastness to Water Spotting

This part of ISO 105 specifies a method for determining the resistance of the colour of textiles of all kinds and in all forms to spotting by water.
Link for detail:-http://www.dfmg.com.tw/member/standard/bs/BS-E07.HTM

Colorfastness to spotting Alkali

ISO 105-E06:2006 specifies a method for determining the resistance of the colour of textiles of all kinds, and in all forms, to the action of dilute alkaline solutions.
Three tests differing in severity are provided. Any or all may be used, depending on the nature of the fibre.
Drops of a solution of sodium carbonate are placed on the specimen (textiles of all kinds and in all forms), the surface of which is rubbed gently with a glass rod to ensure penetration. The change in colour of the textile is assessed with the grey scale.
for more details click the link provided:-http://www.dfmg.com.tw/member/standard/bs/BS-E06.HTM

Colorfstness to Drycleaning

A specimen of the textile in contact with a cotton fabric bag together with non-corrodible steel discs is agitated in perchloroethylene, then squeezed or centrifuged, and dried in hot air. The change in colour of the specimen is assessed with the grey scale for assessing change in colour. Not suitable for the evaluation of the durability of textile finishes.
Brief Description:-
Sew the test specimen with 12 steel plates into cotton bag (10x10 cm) and place in a stainless steel beaker of 550 ml volume and treat with 300 ml perchloroetylene for 30 min at 30 degree temperature in the launder o meter . then remove the test specim,en , squeeze and dry in hot air max. 60 deg cel.
Assesment:- Change of color , staining of the solvent with grey scale "staining" and / or filter assessment.

Colorfastness to Chlorinated water

This part of ISO 105 specifies a method for determining the resistance of the colour of textiles of all kinds and in all forms to the action of active chlorine in concentrations such as are used to disinfect swimming-bath water (break-point chlorination). Three alternative test conditions are specified. The active chlorine concentrations of 50 mg/l and 100 mg/l are intended for swimwear. The active chlorine concentration of 20 mg/l is intended for accessories such as beach robes and towels

click here for detail:-
Test method for color fastness to Chlorinated Water
http://www.texanlab.com/documents/downloads/1.pdf

Colorfastness to Seawater ISO E02

A specimen of the textile in contact with one or two specified adjacent fabrics is immersed in sodium chloride solution, drained and placed between two plates under a specified pressure in a test device. The specimen and the adjacent fabric(s) are dried. The change in colour of the specimen and the staining of the adjacent fabric(s) are assessed with the grey scales.
Brief Description :-
Wet out the test sample and adjacent fabrics completely in 30 gpl NaCl soloution at room temperature , pour off excess solution. place the test sample between two glass plates or acrylic plates under a pressure of 12.kPa(5 kp/40 cm2) and place in a drying oven for 4 hrs at 37 deg cel. hang to dry in warm air of max 60 deg. cel.
For more details click here:- ISO 105 E02

How to test colorfastness to sea water watch video here